OCTOBER 2, 2009 [CHRISTIAN]

SEPARATING MIXTURES
Heterogeneous Mixtures: (done by hand)

• filtration


• distillation:


• crystallization


• chromatography
  *All are physical changes

REVIEW OF ATOMS

1. matter is made up of atoms


2. molecules are groups of atoms held together by electrical bonds


3. ions are atoms or molecules that have an electric charge
   -positive ions are cations
   -negative ions are anions


4. atoms are made up of 3-subatomic particles


5. Protons:
   -positive charges
   -inside nucleus
   -each element has a different number of protons
   -protons = atomic number


6. Neutrons:
   -neutral
   -inside nucleus
   -nearly same mass as protons
   -adding or removing neutrons does not change the element


7. Electrons:
   -negatively charged
   -located outside the nucleus
   -1800 times smaller than protons
   -chemical reactions occur between electrons in different atoms/compounds

PROPERTIES OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

• FAMILIES(or groups) form vertical columns
  -all elements of a family have similar traits and characteristics


• PERIODS are horizontal rows. Elements gradually chane from metals to non-metals as you move from left to right

ELEMENTAL INFORMATION

• exceptions are:
  copper - cuprum
  gold - aurum
  iron - ferrum
  lead - plumbum
  silver - argentum


• first letter is always CAPITAL


• second letter is always LOWER CASE

CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE

• naming chemical compounds has been a very difficult task and different systems have been used through the centuries


• today the most common system in IUPAC for most chemicals
  -ions
  -binary ionic
  -polyatomic ions
  -molecular compounds
  -acids

CHEMICAL FORMULAS

• be aware of the differences between ion and compound formulas
  - Zn^2+ (2+ is the ion charge)
  -BaCl2 (the 2 is lower)(number of ions)

NAMING IONS

• for metals use the name of the element and add ion
  -Al^3+ = aluminum ion


• for non-metals, remove the original ending and add "-ide"
  -F- = Fluorine becomes Fluoride


• polyatomic ions have special names

BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• ionic compounds contain two elements - one metal and one non-metal


• metallic and non-metallic ions bond together


• election is transferred from the metal to the non-metal


• net charge must be zero - total positive charge - total negative charge

NAMING BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

• metal name + first part of non-metal "-ide"

STEPS

• write formula


• criss-cross charges


• reduce ion numbers to lowest common multiples